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Unit 1 Review

  1. Earth's Sphere
    1. Earth System: All the matter, energy, and processes within Earth's boundary
      1. Consists of non-living & living things.
        1. Example: Living things - Trees, animals, and people
        2. Example: Non-living things - Rocks, air, and water
      2. 5 main parts
        1. Geosphere: Mostly solid, rocky part of Earth
          1. Extends from the center of Earth
          2. 3 different layers
            1. Crust
              1. 5 - 10 km thick (oceanic)
              2. 35 - 70 km thick (continental)
              3. Least dense
            2. Mantle
              1. 2,900 km thick
              2. More dense than crust
            3. Core
              1. 3,500 km thick
              2. Most dense
        2. Hydrosphere: The part of Earth that is liquid water
          1. Includes marshes, ponds, lakes, water droplets, and rain
        3. Cryosphere: The part made up of all the frozen water on Earth.
          1. Includes ice, sea ice, glaciers, ice shelves, and icebergs
        4. Atmosphere: Mostly made up of invisible gases that surround Earth.
          1. 500 - 600 km of the Earth's surface
          2. Parts
            1. 78% nitrogen
            2. 21% oxygen
            3. 1% other gases, including argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor
        5. Biosphere: The part of Earth made up of living things and the areas of Earth where they are found
          1. Rocks, soil, ocean, lakes, rivers, and lower atmosphere support life.
          2. Most organisms need water, and oxygen or carbon dioxide to live
      3. How the spheres interact
        1. Exchanging Matter: Earth's spheres interact as matter moves between spheres
          1. Example: Atmosphere →Hydrosphere or Cryosphere → clouds
        2. Exchanging Energy: Earth's spheres also interact as energy moves between them.
          1. Example: Plants use solar → generates food
      4. Source of Earth's energy
        1. Almost all the Earth's energy comes from the sun.
        2. Energy budget: A way to keep track of energy transfers into and out of the Earth system.
          1. Unbalancing the budget
            1. Can cause increase or decrease global temperatures, increase greenhouse gases, which makes us lose polar ice caps.
          2. Statistics
            1. Energy coming in
              1. 26% Reflected by clouds & atmosphere
              2. 4% Reflected by surface
              3. 19% Absorbed by clouds and atmosphere
              4. 51% absorbed by Earth
            2. Outgoing Energy
              1. 64% radiated from atmosphere and clouds (19% came from absorption)
              2. 7% lost as heat rising through the air
              3. 23% evaporated from Earth to clouds
              4. 6% radiated from Earth to space
  2. Weathering
    1. Physical Weathering
      1. Temperature Change [Ice Wedging]
        1. Water collects in cracks in rock
        2. Water freezes
        3. When frozen, it expanded, causing a crack
        4. Repeats over and over, until splitting the rock
      2. Pressure Change [Exfoliation]
        1. Pressure increases outer layers of the rock peel away
      3. Wind, Water, And Gravity [Abrasion]
        1. Wind
          1. Can blast particles away from object
        2. Water
          1. Rocks are tumbled and worn out in the running water
        3. Gravity
          1. Rocks can crack during landslides
      4. Plant Growth
        1. Root digs into a small crack in the wall
        2. Roots expands as the plant grows
        3. Bigger crack forms
    2. Chemical Weathering
      1. Oxygen Reactions [Oxidation]
        1. Different atoms combine with oxygen, making new materials
      2. Acid
        1. Precipitation
          1. Acid falls from the sky, burning rocks or objects in its path
        2. Groundwater
          1. Can burn minerals away from and object, depositing them somewhere else
        3. Living Things
          1. Plants can create acids, burning away the rock
  3. Erosion: The process by which sediment and other materials are moved from one place to another
    1. Forms of Erosion
      1. Canyons & Valleys: When a flow of water through streams and rivers erode rock from the streambed
      2. Caves: Water erodes the rock, eventually forming a cave
      3. Sea Cliffs: When waves erode and undercut rock to make steep slopes
      4. Wave cut platforms: When sea cliffs erode so much that the they are flat
      5. Sea Caves: When the bottom of sea cliffs erode faster than the top
      6. Sea Arches: When a sea cave erodes all the way to the other side, forming a hole
      7. Sea stacks: When a sea arch collapses, it leaves behind pillars of rock
  4. Deposition: The process by which eroded material is dropped
    1. Forms of Deposition
      1. Floodplains: When sediment is dropped over a flooded land
      2. Deltas: Streams deposit sediment in a fan-shaped pattern
      3. Alluvial Fan: A dry fan-shaped pattern of sediment
      4. Beaches: Particles can come up on a beach

  5. Erosion and Deposition with Wind

    1. Abraded Rock: When wind blows sand against a surface, it can wear it down
      1. Results of this can lead to smooth, polished surfaces

    2. Desert Pavement

      1. Deflation: The removal of sediment by wind.
      2. Wind removes sediments, but major rocks stay

      desert.png

    3. Dunes

      1. Wind blows sediment on a small mound, dropping sediment on the mound
      2. Eventually, sediment builds up on the mound

      sand-erosion.png

    4. Loess: Fine grained sediments that can be carried long distances by wind

    5. Erosion and Deposition with Ice
    6. Flowing Ice
      1. Glacial Drift: When a glacier leaves behind sediments it had carried
    7. Alpine Glaciers: A glacier that forms in a mountainous area
      1. Landforms
        1. Can form U-shaped valleys
        2. Rivers form V-shaped valleys
        3. Cirques: A bowl shaped depressions where glacial ice cuts back into the mountain walls
        4. Arêtes: Jagged ridges that form between two or more cirques that cut into the same mountain
        5. Horns: Sharp, pyramid-shaped peaks that form when several arêtes join at the top of a mountain
        6. Hanging valleys: Small glacial valleys that join the deeper, main valley. [It may contain small waterfalls]
    8. Continental Glaciers: Thick sheets of ice that may spread over large areas, including across entire continents
      1. Can erode and remove features that existed before the ice appeared
    9. Erosion and Deposition with Gravity
    10. Slow Mass Movement
      1. Creep: The extremely slow movement of material downslope
    11. Rapid Mass Movement
      1. Rockfall: When loose rocks fall down a steep slope
      2. Landslide: A sudden and rapid movement of a large amount of material downslope
      3. Mudflow: When a large amount of water mixes with soil and rock [This can cause slippery mud to flow down a mountain side]

Gas Giants and The Solar Eclipse

Gas Giants

  • Gas Giants have deep,massive gas atmospheres,which are made up mostly of hydrogen and helium
  • Saturn is the least dense planet made up of mostly made up of hydrogen and helium.It could float on water.
  • Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.It’s volume can contain more than 900 Earths.It’s mass is twice the other planets combined.
  • Uranus and Neptune will not be included in the test
  • Gas giants gas become denser as you move in
  • Saturn is the second largest planet after Jupiter and has giant rings that are huge!

Solar Eclipses

  • You can only see the solar eclipse during the day time
  • Solar Eclipses happen when the moon blocks the Sun from view the daytime.
  • The Solar Eclipse generally happens about two weeks after a lunar eclipse
  • The Solar eclipse happens when the sun,moon,and earth are aligned
  • A solar eclipse happens at a new moon

Earth's Spheres and Weathering

Lesson 1: Earth’s Spheres

  • Earth’s system: is all the matter energy,process,within earth’s boundary
  • Geosphere:All the rock and minerals in the Earth.
  • Hydrosphere: The portion of Earth that is water.
  • Cryosphere: All the ice and frozen water is the Earth.
  • Atmosphere: A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, moon, or other celestial body.
  • Biosphere:All the living things in the Earth.
  • Energy budget: The net flow of energy into and out of a system.

Lesson 2: Weathering

  • Weathering: is the break of rock minerals by physical and chemical
  • Physical weathering: The mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces that is caused by natural processes and that does not change the chemical composition of the rock material
  • Ice wedging: when water gets in small cracks in rocks then freezes and the water expands.
  • Exfoliation:Exfoliation is when the snow/pressure is removed from the rocks, allowing the rocks to bounce back up.
  • Abrasion: The process by which rock is reduced in size by the scraping action of of other rocks driven by water, wind, and gravity
  • Chemical weathering:The breakdown of rocks from chemical reactions.
  • Oxidation: A chemical reaction in which material combines with oxygen to form new material; in geology, oxidation is a form of chemical weathering
  • Acid precipitation and give one example: Rain, sleet, or snow that contains a high contains a high concentration of acids
  • Stalactites: Are rocks hanging from the top of the cave that is created by chemical and water
  • Stalagmites: Are racks that are created from the dripping water